The One Best System A History Of American Urban Education

In ‘The One Best System A History of American Urban Education,’ David B. Tyack discusses how education has changed from the 1800 s to the 1900 s. He talks about the history of urban public education, as well as the progression of the one best system over the years. In part I of the text, Tyack discusses the increase the number of government in the rural education system and the issues that the education system faced such as lack of space in classrooms because of overpopulation, poor facilities and undertrained teachers who were not receiving adequate pay. The National Education Association (NEA) attempted to urbanize the rural education system. With this change, children would be taught values and skills by trained teachers, who would follow a more structured curriculum which deviates from curriculum they were used to. The rural community opposed this new system of education, perhaps because they felt they would lose control of how they taught their lessons because with the new system, they would have to follow the State Course of Study. Today, we still see this happening in schools where at the beginning of a school year, teachers are given a curriculum that they must follow in teaching their lessons as opposed to teaching what they want whenever they want to. In part II we learn more of the urbanizing process. Tyack places emphasis on the importance of urbanizing schools. Of these, was lack of space to accommodate students because of the growing population. ReformersShow MoreRelatedSocioeconomic Status And Race : The Role Of Teachers And Staff Members Of Urban High Schools1732 Words   |  7 PagesStaff Members of Urban High Schools Introduction A study conducted by Miller, Rainie, Purcell, Mitchell, Rosenstiel (2012), for the Pew Research Center, evaluated different community types—including urban, suburban, small town and rural communities—on various measures, including education levels, income levels and racial and ethnic makeup of their populations. What was found in regard to the differences between these communities was that suburban areas, in comparison to urban areas, have higherRead MoreSocialization as an Aim of Education - Paper1409 Words   |  6 PagesSocialization as an Aim of Education Danielle Seguin California State University, Long Beach Socialization as an Aim of Education In its truest form, I believe the main purpose of education should be to promote socialization. Socialization refers to the act of inheriting and spreading standards, customs and ideologies, providing an individual with the skills and habits necessary for contributing in society. Socialization isRead More The Affirmative Action Debate Essay1642 Words   |  7 PagesFor the sake of this essay, affirmative action in education is defined as: â€Å"policies and programs designed to advance equality of educationalopportunity for individuals from groups that have suffered systematic historical discrimination† (Mickelson 29). What is being referred to here is race-based affirmative action, or the act of taking into consideration an applicant’s race in the college admissions process. This is a hot topic all over the United States and has been for quite a while, the debateRead MoreBenefits Of A Tutoring Program1699 Words   |  7 Pagesthis proposed program is to minimi ze the amount of stu-dents that are referred to child-study. Bringing a student before the child-study team can lead to that particular student being found eligible for special education services. If a student is labeled under a disability of special education it often be-comes a part of their identity in a negative way. Increasing knowledge of the teach-ers, parents, students, and the community as well as decreasing the potential nega-tivity of labels is the goal ofRead MoreGoals of Public Education Essay780 Words   |  4 PagesGoals of American Public Education TJC National University Foundations of Education/TED 602 January 13, 2012 Professor KL Goals of American Public Education Public education in America began in the early to mid-19th century with the simple goal of â€Å"uniting the American population by instilling common moral and political values† (Spring, 2012, p. 5). Our country was founded by men who designed the constitution so that it could be amended to accommodate changing political and social climatesRead MoreAddressing Problems Of Urban Communities1728 Words   |  7 PagesAddressing problems in urban communities should remain first priority. Poverty has been growing faster in many cities throughout America. Residents of poor urban areas face many sets of challenges that our community developers are not addressing that can alleviate issues within urban communities. If we can come together to fight against poverty, we can call for revitalization, we need many more new strategies to tackle problems that aren’t contained. Many authors address poverty within suburbanRead MoreEducational Philosophy: Metaphysics, Epistemology, Axiolo gy, and Logic1746 Words   |  7 Pagesand move away from more traditional conservative ideas. Dewey had no metaphysics, theology or belief in God, but was a humanist and evolutionist who thought that democratic socialism would be the wave of the future in urban, industrial society, and that the traditional education system was not preparing students to participate as active citizens in this new society. It was rigid, authoritarian and hierarchical, with teachers acting like dictators in the classroom and often dispensing plenty of corporalRead MoreAmericanization Of The American Dream1457 Words   |  6 PagesAmericanization in Education The history of Americanization is long and complex, with beginnings in the late 19th century and the dawn of the 20th century. According to Galindo (2011), â€Å"Americanization was an umbrella term that encompassed different groups and programs as well as the different approaches adopted by these groups.† Massive amounts of immigrants were pouring into America via New York City, inspired by visions of freedom and the American Dream, as well as a desire by many to escapeRead More Toni Cade Bambara Essay examples691 Words   |  3 Pagesmessages about the welfare of the African-American community and of African-American women especially. According to Alice A. Deck in the Dictionary of Literary Biography, the author was one of the best representatives of the group of Afro-American writers who, during the 1960s, became directly involved in the cultural activities in urban communities across the country. Deck also pointed out that Bambara is one of the who continued to work wi thin the black urban communities (filming, lecturing, organizingRead More The Key Differences between Whigs and Democrats? Essay1403 Words   |  6 Pagesactive social reform. According to the Johnson County Community College’s historians, the name Whig, which Revolutionary patriots also used to signify their opposition to King George III, was chosen to echo the American Whigs of 1776 and meant to convey; and throughout their twenty-year history, fought for independence, and because Whig was then a widely recognized label of choice for people who saw themselves as opposing tyranny. According to professor Michael F. Holt , the Whig party combined Anti-masons

Cause and Effect of Underage Drinking - 780 Words

Many children today are at risk of becoming alcoholics. There are many reasons for this, in this paper I will exam the causes of underage drinking and they effects that this may place on the individual, their families, and society. According to the United States Department of Health and Human Services, Young people begin to take risks and experiment as they transition from childhood to adulthood. Without support and guidance, some young people may engage in behaviors that place them and others at risk Ââ€" including using alcohol. (Youth and Underage Drinking: An Overview, 2004). As a child growing up I remember many occasions were I was exposed to some form of alcohol related activities. Just watching television on Sunday afternoons I†¦show more content†¦One problem with underage drinking is that they dont know when they have had too much which can lead to alcohol poisoning. 39% of minors who have drank in the past year had at least one serious problem related to drinking. Alcoholism affects just not you, but every one around you. Alcoholism can destroy homes and lifelong friendships. There are many reasons why children start drinking like stress, peer pressure, and advertisement. But the impact on the society, friend, family, and themselves are far worse. Underage drinking is not just the fault of advertisements and that messages should be focused on parents. Parents often underestimate how much drinking that their children are engaged in. but I think the child choice depends largely on personal upbringing and experiences. . ReferencesShow MoreRelatedUnderage drinking1086 Words   |  5 Pages Underage Drinking It is five o clock on a Friday night and classes are over for the weekend. The options for this evening are the kegger down the street, drinking at the bonfire, or sneaking into a bar with a fake ID. This can be a normal weekend for an underage drinker. Underage alcohol consumption can be very common in the weekly routine for many students. There are many different types of drinkers and reasons for their drinking habits. Some people may drink for social reasons and othersRead MoreAlcohol Advertising: the Cause of Underage Drinking? Essay1089 Words   |  5 PagesLinzay Workman Advanced Composition Rose Bunch Paper 3: Literature Review Alcohol Advertising: The Cause of Underage Drinking? The question, Is alcohol advertising the cause of underage drinking? seems to flow through the minds of many American families. The answer to the question largely depends upon the families view on drinking in general. Some homes encourage drinking every once in a while, for social purposes; while others condemn it all together. The topic is very controversialRead MoreThe Plague Of Underage Drinking1356 Words   |  6 PagesThe Plague of Underage Drinking â€Å"Every year in the U.S., roughly 5,000 people under the age of 21 die from an alcohol-related incident including car crashes, homicides, suicides, alcohol poisoning and other related injuries† ( â€Å"11 Facts About Alcohol Abuse†). That is 5,000 more teens or young adults that could be saved from this plague in this society (11 Facts About Alcohol Abuse). Underage drinking and alcoholism is a huge problem in the United States, and as a society need to make a change withRead More Alcohol Advertising: The Cause of Underage Drinking? Essay example1079 Words   |  5 Pages Alcohol Advertising: The Cause of Underage Drinking? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The question, â€Å"Is alcohol advertising the cause of underage drinking?† seems to flow through the minds of many American families. The answer to the question largely depends upon the families view on drinking in general. Some homes encourage drinking every once in a while, for social purposes; while others condemn it all together. The topic is very controversial with several factors weighing in such as religionRead MoreThe Underage Drinking Crisis in America Essay1030 Words   |  5 Pagesfederal law, underage drinking is any person under 21 who are consuming alcohol. In 2011, Missouri had 258 total alcohol impaired fatalities. Forty-six, or thirty percent, of these fatalities were under the age of twenty-one (Century Council). Surely, it does not happen in small towns like Warrensburg. Yes, in fact, it does happen in Warrensburg, the reason being it is a college town, and Whiteman Air Force Base is just twenty minutes outside the town. Here are stories of underage drinking incidencesRead MoreAlcohol Is The Drug Of Choice Among Youth1692 Words   |  7 Pagesit comes on drinking at early age. Alcohol often has a strong effect on people and throughout history, we have struggled to understand and manage the power of alcohol. However, we hardly think how much alcohol is too much for us, unless we get into any kind of trouble or shows some physical or mental effects on our health. People usually consume alcohol to celebrate, relax and socialize. It is also use as the celebrating drink during any functions or occasions. Drinking patterns oftenRead MoreEssay on Underage Drinkers Face Repercussion1369 Words   |  6 Pagesincreasing number of underage drinkers. Teens seem to be drinking their way through high school and college because it’s the trend of the century. They go out to party and there is no party, if there is no alcohol. They begin to believe there is no fun in partying without the use of alcohol. According to, the 2009 Youth Risk Behavior Survey, â€Å"40% of high school students drank some amount of alcohol, 24% binge drank, and 10% drove after drinking and 28% rode with a driver who had been drinking(Youth Risk BehaviorRead MoreUnderage Drinking And The Central Nervous System1446 Words   |  6 PagesThere are so many people who have drank underage. Norah Piehl quotes, â€Å"According to a 1991 University of Michigan study 81% of students had had at least one alcoholic drink in their lives (13 Piehl).† Wow, that is scary. Imagine, 81 percent of students; that is to many people. What is alcohol anyway? Rob Nagel states, â€Å"Alcohol is a depressant that acts as a numbing agent on the central nervous system.† So drinking alcohol can slow down the central nervous system and can impair a person’s judgementRead MoreLowering The Minimum Drinking Age1429 Words   |  6 Pagesand Thailand are others – with a minimum drinking age over 18† (Griggs, 1). When Ronald Reagan signed the National Minimum Drinking Age Act in 1984, its goal was to reduce less-mature adults from consuming alcohol and performing reckless acts (Cary, 1). However, despite the current drinking age, 17.5 percent of consumer spending for alcohol in 2013 was under the age of 21. It is estimated that â€Å"90 percent of underage drinking is consumed via binge drinking†¦with alcohol abuse becoming mo re prevalentRead MoreThe Drinking Age Should Be Lowered1599 Words   |  7 Pagestopic that has gone on for many years is whether the drinking age should be lowered to eighteen years old, as opposed to where it is now, at twenty one. Some argue that at age eighteen, a person is legally an adult and able to go to war, vote, and partake in other adult activities. If they are an adult at this age, why are they unable to legally drink alcohol? There are numerous reasons why drinking is unsafe for those under twenty one. The drinking age is set at age twenty one for a reason, and should

Business Ethics can Prevent Ethical Scandals

Question: As a management accountant, in what ways do you think business ethics or regulation couldprevent potential ethical scandals such as that which happened with Volkswagen? Answer: As a management accountant it is very important to understand that the business ethics or regulations while performing any activity in an organization can prevent happening of any kind of ethical scandals and thus preventing an entity to fall into the danger zone. It is an internal process which is responsible to manage the entity. Allocation of various business cost to the cost of production of goods and services, identification of the budgets and pre-empting the sales or the productivity are the key reasons why managerial accounting has gained importance. Of all ethics is also a vital part of the managerial accounting and to understand the same a separate code of conduct has been prescribed specially for the accountants (Vitez, 2015). There are certain set managerial accounting guidelines spelt out by the Institute of Management Accountants which basically lays down set ethical guidelines for the licensed as well as non-licensed accountants. The accountants are bound to follow these while preparation of accounts. Once extended to the business world, there are various complex factors which define its role. It does not digress from Laws and Regulations and operates in a transparent environment with focus on the following: Working in the best interest of all Stakeholders i.e. both internal like employees and external including clients, vendors, investors, as well as the society as a whole Maintenance of utmost integrity with respect to the aforesaid Stakeholders Accountability and ethical behaviour of employees, Management and the overall Institution Conveying all communications in the same manner in which it is meant to be interpreted (Chandler, 2005). The increasing number of corporate scandals has given more importance to the business ethics amongst the accountants too. The managerial accountants have been found to be the main culprit for such corporate scandals leading to a loss to the community and the society as a whole. Many entities over the years have failed to recognise the above and have indulged in unethical actions. Glaring example of this is Enron which commenced in 1985 as an energy company and made rapid progress post the deregulations of the energy markets in 1996. Expansion in additional domains meant increase in borrowings which were unethically recorded in paper companies to reflect extremely profitable financials of the Company, thereby enhancing the value of its stock. However, this could not continue for long and by 2001, Enron recorded loss of $638 Million and in subsequent years, had to file for bankruptcy. Similar instances have been recorded over the years in major names like Mitsubishi Motors, Merrill Lyn ch, Sears, Citigroup etc. with even senior executives being jailed. This collapse led to further improvements of the ethical standards laid out, financial reporting format, stricter audit standards and improvising and implementing a stricter government regime. These are the responsibility of the accountants who actually prepare the financial statements and a failure on their part is what led to such scandals (Senaratne,2015). A more recent case has its epicentre in Volkswagen a powerhouse in the Automobile Industry with around 70% of US passenger car diesel segment. The company had diversified its present product range by installing emission software on nearly 10.5 million cars across the globe, including half a million in the US. These were meant to identify steering, throttle, and other inputs used in the Emissions Drive Cycle Set by the Environmental Protection Agency and switch to a distinct operating mode with a view to achieve higher mileage and more power. However, this also induced 40 times higher than permissible limits of nitrogen-oxide emissions, a pollutant linked to lung cancer. Thus in order to increase sales it forgot about its corporate social responsibility towards the society and contributed to the increasing pollution. (Adams, 2015). For the aforesaid case under scrutiny and as is common to most of the earlier citations as well, the following let-downs score heavily on the failure matrix: Marketing Approach: The essence of Marketing is to enhance the normal saleability scales of a product against a backdrop of prevailing socio-economic scenarios. In todays conditions, the general masses have become conscious about wide-spread environmental deterioration as a result of which, consumers were all the more influenced towards these environment friendly cars. The incorrect statements resulted in financial and reputation losses which if at all, might take very long to patch up (Loh, 2015). Risk Management: In todays ever-changing scenario, corporates are forced to consider beyond the traditional operational and financial factors. Social, environmental, circumstantial and ethical aspects have become of equal significance and have to be factored into decision making by the senior-most officials while finalising its future lines of functioning. Internal Audit and Control: While developing the internal governance modules of any entity, due weightage should be given to non-financial components specifically if these can be influenced to attain windfall financial gains. The various elements having direct impact on the financial outcome of the company are easily identifiable and quantifiable and hence, in most cases form the entire base for all critical decision-making. The share of pie of balance inputs, although much smaller in size, should not be neglected to ensure taming of reputational issues such as those faced by VW today (Duska, , Duska 2004). The said scandal has totally taken the concepts of CSR, risk management, accounting theories ad responsibility of directors for a ride. The auditors are also held responsible for signing an audit report where the management are self proclaiming themselves as a responsible and eco friendly organization. Manipulation of accounting software is the biggest reason for the occurrence of such a scandal which clearly shows how weak the management accountancy as well as internal control procedures and the audit team was. This is a clear cut example of the importance management accounting in business ethics holds(Hotten, 2015). As a common practice, most companies have very lucrative incentive structures which are directly linked to the various operating parameters of the entity. This induces senior officials to look beyond the levels of normalcy and if not streamlined in the right directions, may lead to manipulation of procurement, production, marketing and selling parameters to enhancement of vested interests at the cost of the companys overall well-being. Thus it is very important for the management accountants to perform their duties with utmost care and caution so as to prevent happening of any kind of corporate scandals (Alam, 1999). The role of a management accountant cannot be completely ignored as it is he who drives the internal processes and ensures confidentiality of the organizations data. Thus to ensure this, the management accountant has to be trustworthy and ethical in his performances. As per Professor Horia Cristia, the managers use the information generated by these accountants basically for three purposes, making and monitoring of the plans, day to day co-ordination and formulating ethical marketing gimmicks and resolving any issues faced by the entity. Thus the management accountants far-sightedness towards providing information which is correct and which would drive the organization towards the right direction taking into consideration the fact that the top management defines its own policies and procedures based on the information provided by them, they should follow the highest standards of ethics in their performance (Amat et.al. 1991. Lack of presence of independent Directors and/or Consultants often pave the way for decision making in favour of vested interest groups and spoil the internal working ethics of an organisation. Required balance of independent and related officials in the decision-making strata of a company significantly reduces influenced resolutions. This is important for the accountants to note and if their is any deviation from the same the said should be written down in clear terms so that the investors can take a informed decisions (Elias, 2006). Many Management Accountants and Economists across the globe have cited implementation of Corporate Social Responsibility related activities as a good step towards eradicating this social crisis. Triple Bottom Line is a proven way forward for betterment of social, economic and environmental aspects. It induces greater level of transparency across all levels of the organisation in front of the community as a whole, thereby reducing likelihood of unethical practices .Establishment of Codes of Ethical and Training on the same goes a long way in imbibing standards and values within the organisation and across all hierarchies of employment, right up to the Board (Zeiger, 2015).Further to this the top management should always encourage Whistle-blowers by protecting and incentivising them and take strict disciplinary actions against the wrong-doers. This not only encourages more employees to indulge in this practice, but also makes misdemeanours more difficult. The management accountants are placed in the first position in the opinion polls conducted in USA when it comes to ethical practices. The argument is totally for the topic that if the management accountants follow the basic guidelines of business ethics then corporate scandals will be minimized to a great extent (Williams, Elson, 2010). For the same they are to adhere to four basic principles of improving on their professional competency forefront on a continuous basis, to maintain confidentiality of the information within legal boundaries, they should be unbiased as well as corruption free. Last but not the least, the said information which is communicated should be true from all angles even if not in favour of the organization. Presenting wrong information just to be in the good books of the management is unethical from their professional front as well (Lohrey, 2015). Specific Committees may be considered for monitoring ethical behaviour and practices and members of the said Bodies should preferably be a mix from all departments and divisions of the company. This cross-functional team ensures that the members are aware of all happenings within the organisation (Armstrong, 2003). Thus it is clear that the occurrences of the bankruptcies is basically due to lack of professional ethics that is mandatory to be followed in the accounting profession. Thus management accountants should be taught this as a separate subject of their curriculum. But the said is still a debatable issue as only classroom teaching cannot prevent such mishaps to occur. It is also the organizations contribution towards ethical decision making of management accountants. It is still at a very indecisive stage that whether proper ethical training should be provided to the management accountant or the internal controls in place are good enough to detect unethical behaviour. It is the expectation of the management which is in opposition to the principles laid down in preaching the professional ethical standards, the desire to rise high within an organization at a speedy rate and personal obligations which add to such low standard performances (Hajjawi, 2008). The accountants have to always keep this in mind that they are also employees of the company similar to their managers and it is their responsibility also to be loyal in their conducts. Thus, as a management accountant it is clear that if proper ethics are followed then business scandals can be prevented to a large extent for which certain steps are required to be undertaken as summarized below: Proper education on what ethics is. Motivation from the organization in which the accountant is employed. Self control and self motivation (Mintz, 1992) Instances of Unethical Practices, whether legal or illegal, are corrosive in nature and eat into our societys pedestal creating a void which encourages further inducement into such acts and misdeeds. No matter what, the power to abstain from such involvement and report misdemeanours lies in the hands of the masses and with sustained joint efforts along with the Government and other Public Bodies, eradication of such evils from our society should be the new shining light across the horizon. Lastly on a concluding note it is to be well understood that where the problems lie and how to deal with those problems so that such unethical business practices can be suitably avoided. References: Vitez, O., 2015, About Ethics in managerial Accounting, viewed on 22nd May 2016, Senaratne, S., 2015, The Role of Ethics in management Accounting, Alam, K.F., 1999, Ethics and Accounting Education, Teaching Business Ethics , Kluwer Academics Publishers: Netherlands Chandler, R.C., 2005, Avoiding Ethical Misconduct Disasters, Graziado Business Review, vol.8, no. 3 Adams, C., 2015, VW Scandal: ethics versus profit, economia, viewed on 21st May 2016, Hotten, R., 2015, Volkswagen: The Scandal Explained, viewed on 21st May 2016, Loh, K.M., 2015, The VW Scandal: Huge Consequences , Simple Ethic Lessons , Ominous Implications, viewed on 21st May 2016, Zeiger, S., 2015, Effects of a Lack of Ethics on a Business Environment, viewed on 21st May 2016, Lohrey, J., 2015, Summarizing the Role of Ethics in Managerial Accounting, viewed on 22nd May 2016, Armstrong, M.B., 2003, Ethics Education in Accounting : Moving toward Ethical Motivation and Ethical Behavior.

Charles Darwin Process of Natural Selection free essay sample

A discussion of Darwins ideas on evolution and natural selection. A paper which discusses Charles Darwin;s theory of Natural Selection, which has been heatedly discussed since its inception in 1859 in the book titled ;The Origin of Species;. Charles Darwin believed that biological species are preserved by nature only if they are fit enough to survive in a particular ecology. Charles Darwin;s book ;The origin of Species; is one book that literally shook the world with its unusual views and its strange and completely different theory on biological evolution. From the day the book came into the market, the world is engaged in a discussion about it. The book has so far been discussed from almost perspective but its most important impact has been in the area of ethics. We must understand that while Charles Darwin;s work basically deals with biology and evolution of species, the book has given rise to numerous arguments in connection with ethics. We will write a custom essay sample on Charles Darwin: Process of Natural Selection or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The ethical and moral implications of this work cannot be denied, as Darwin appears to shatter the traditional biblical view of man and his origin.

10 Simple Body Language Techniques for Career Success

10 Simple Body Language Techniques for Career Success Dr. Carol Kinsey Gorman, author of The Silent Language of Leaders: How Body Language Can Help- or Hurt- How You Lead, has 10 great tips for maximizing success through body language: 1. Sit up straight.Good posture doesn’t just impress those around you, it can actually boost the way you feel about yourself.2. Use your coffee cup to open up.Believe it or not- a recent study at Yale University actually concluded that participants holding warm beverages versus cold ones were more likely to be trusting in any given interaction. So unless you’re heading into salary negotiations and need to drive a hard bargain, grab a hot cup of coffee and feel more generous with your coworkers. And maybe bring one for your boss.3. Synchronized nodding.Stanford University scientists found that teams who moved the same way were more creative and collaborative. So go ahead, mirror your team members’ body language; the team that nods together gets more done.4. Squeeze left.If you’r e too much in your head and not relying on the tools you’ve trained so hard to build, squeezing a ball in your left hand can distract the right hemisphere of your brain (associated with conscious focus) and engage your left hemisphere (associated with automatic motor skills). It works with seasoned athletes and could work for you.5. Avoid resting grumpy face.Try to relax your facial muscles, especially when concentrating or reading emails. Studies actually show that messages can be interpreted as angry in tone when we read them with furrowed brows.6. Shake shake shake.We all shake hands after a deal is made, but the Harvard Business School found that shaking before negotiations can make for a more equitable exchange.7. Keep your voice on the down low.The lower your voice, the more authority you command. Try dropping your voice when asking for a raise. Researchers at Duke discovered that a 22 Hz drop can result in a significant pay increase, all other factors equal.8. Come int o the game warmed up.It takes our brains only 200 milliseconds to determine a person’s emotional state. So warm yourself up before you walk into the meeting to prove to everyone that you’re at your best. If you come on stage already in character, no one will doubt your performance.9. Add that extra touch.A Cornell University study showed that customers tipped 2-5% better when their servers made physical contact on the hand or shoulders. Try giving your associate a pat on the back and see what happens.10. Flex your muscles.Muscle tightening has been shown to increase willpower. Try tightening your biceps, hands, or calves, and see if it boosts your self-control.

Concept Analysis Critique of Homophobia in Nursing Essays

Concept Analysis Critique of Homophobia in Nursing Essays Concept Analysis Critique of Homophobia in Nursing Essay Concept Analysis Critique of Homophobia in Nursing Essay Running Head: CONCEPT ANALYSIS CRITIQUE Concept Analysis Critique of Christensen’s Homophobia in Nursing Using Walker and Avant’s Framework NUR 701-90 Nursing Theory The Sage Colleges Lori Ciafardoni-Hawkes RN, MSN/MEd November 17, 2010 Concept Analysis Critique of Christensen’s Homophobia in Nursing Using Walker and Avant’s Framework Introduction Concept analysis is discussed by Walker and Avant (2005) as a way to describe phenomena in nursing practice, as it â€Å"allows the theorist, researcher, or clinician to come to grips with the various possibilities within the concept of interest† (Walker amp; Avant, 2005, pg. 3). Walker and Avant developed an eight step process of concept analysis, which includes selecting a concept, determining the aims or purposes of the analysis, identifying all uses of the concept that can be discovered, determining the defining attributes, identifying the model case, identifying borderline, related, contrary, invented , and illegitimate cases, identifying antecedents and consequences, and defining empirical referents (Walker amp; Avant, 2005). The following is an examination of the concept analysis procedure developed by Walker and Avant as applied to the article Homophobia in Nursing: A Concept Analysis by Martin Christensen. Selecting a concept is the first step in the 8-step analysis procedure. The chosen concept should be one that is important and interesting to you. Additionally, selection of the concept should be â€Å"useful to your research program or to further theoretical developments in your area of interest† (Walker amp; Avant, 2005, pg. 66). Christensen (2005) selected to analyze the concept of homosexuality in nursing because â€Å"†¦nurses draw mainly on their own experiences, experiences that may possess traditional and uncompromising attitudes about homosexuality and the health needs of patients†¦suggest(ing) that attitudes are linked to behavior and that certain predetermined beliefs and attitudes will prevent delivery of holistic and individualized care†( pg. 61). Christensen’s article holds relevance in today’s nursing practice as the definition of family as many have learned it has changed. This new, modern family often includes non-traditional and chosen families rather than blood relatives. People are choosing to define family for themselves and one subset of families is same-sex couples. Nursing professionals need to recognize the family as a patient defines it rather than how text or organizations define it and homophobia need not be part of that equation. As a labor and delivery nurse, I see every definition of family imaginable and as a female in a same-sex marriage; this is one phobia that I am faced with both personally and professionally on a regular basis. Defining this concept and redefining family are both important parts to changing how health care professionals think and are trained and educated. Defining the Concept, Related Terms and Differences Christensen clearly defined the concept of homophobia related to nursing. He explains that nurses often use their own experiences to dictate their care and that if they have issues with homosexuality for personal, religious or other reason that it may interfere with quality, individualized care which all patients and their families deserve (Christensen, 2005). In healthcare, sociology, education and psychology, much work has been done around homophobia (Neville amp; Henrickson, 2006; Richmond and McKenna, 1998; Rondahl, Innala, amp; Carlsson, 2004; Tate amp; Longo, 2004). Baker (1991) presented a paper at The Annual Meeting of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance and stated that â€Å"the impact of homophobia on health education practice had received little attention. As a profession, health educators had not yet adequately addressed lesbian and gay health issues†. Baker’s paper â€Å"defined homophobia and discussed the consequences of homophobia in health education and implications for practice. The health education needs of lesbians and gays are seldom met as a consequence of homophobia. Areas of particular relevance to health educators include heterosexual bias in sexuality education curriculum and textbook context, AIDS education, hate violence, adolescent suicide, and health education research on lesbian and gay topics. Strategies for eliminating homophobia include professional development of health educators and curriculum change at the university level† (Baker, 1991, np). Other researchers like Black, Oles and Moore (1998) â€Å"reported on a study of the relationship between students attitudes toward women and toward gay men and lesbians and changes in those attitudes during social work courses at two universities. The study found a significant relationship between students levels of homophobia and sexism. The relationship was stronger for female students than for male students and varied by race and academic major. The article also discussed the implications of the findings for changing social work curricula† (np). Barry (1998) explained â€Å"that a series of contemporary theories that had been used to explain homophobia. Structural, feminist, comparative, gender panic, queer, and socio-historical theories rely on the premises of a diverse set of scholarly disciplines, and in turn, generate their own objects of analysis, whether `homophobia, `heterosexism, or `heteronormativity. While the current flourishing of gay and lesbian studies had generated important insights into the workings of homophobia, analyses have also tended to be limited and fragmentary† (np). There are large gaps in the literature that span greater than ten years. The bulk of the studies seem to have happened when HIV/AIDS was at its height of awareness. While it appears easy to define homophobia, there has not been much research done on this concept in the social sciences. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary (2010) defines homophobia as â€Å"irrational fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against homosexuality or homosexuals†. Christensen’s concept analysis defines it similarly. Walker and Avant encourage the use of dictionaries, thesauruses, colleagues, and any available literature to identify multiple uses of the concept. Furthermore, all uses of the term must be considered. â€Å"This review of literature helps you support or validate your ultimate choices of the defining attributes† (Walker amp; Avant, 2005, pg. 67). Christensen thoroughly explored homosexuality, as defined by a variety of sources. Further research exposed the coining of homophobia, which is also extensively discussed by Christensen. Christensen examines fear of homosexuality in oneself, fear of contagion, fear of potential sexual advances, and fear of threat to established sex role identity as aspects of homosexuality that nurses may experience as a result of homophobic feelings (Christensen, 2005) Determining the aims of the analysis is the second step outlined by Walker and Avant. This second step helps focus attention on exactly what use you intend to make of the results of your effort. It essentially answers the question: â€Å"Why am I doing this analysis? † (Walker amp; Avant, 2005, pg. 66). Christensen has a clear and thorough rationale for choosing to analyze the concept of homosexuality and how the analysis will benefit nursing: â€Å"In seeking conceptual clarity, the analysis may make it possible to promote a single vocabulary for discussion, while allowing an understanding of what signifies the parameters of homophobia in nursing to be. More importantly, it may form the platform for future conjecture and critique within the context of nursing practice† (Christensen, 2005, pg. 61). Antecedents and Consequences The identification of antecedents and consequences are step seven in the concept analysis process presented by Walker and Avant. Antecedents are those events or incidents that must occur prior to the occurrence of the concept and consequences are those events or incidents that occur as a result of the occurrence. Antecedents and consequences help to shed light on the social context and help to define the attributes (Walker and Avant, 2005). In the concept analysis of homophobia, Christensen reports religion and medicine as antecedents; so much so that the emergence of homophobia in nursing on an individual basis may be related to â€Å"Supporting a religious ideology that determines the morality of same sex relationships as being sinful and non-procreative, and subscribing to a medical/nursing inference that homosexuality is a disease/illness that can be cured† (Christensen, 2005, pg. 69). The consequences as they relate to homophobias, identified by Christensen, include â€Å" An avoidance/reluctance of gay/lesbian social and/or professional interaction, heightened anxiety or revulsion when experiencing some gay/lesbian behavior, for example behaviors of affection, and heightened anxiety and fear of contagion when caring for gay/lesbian patients with a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS† (Christensen, 2005, pg. 69). Attributes â€Å"Determining the defining attributes is the heart of concept analysis† (Walker amp; Avant, 2005, pg. 68). This process should reveal the cluster of attributes that are the most frequently associated with the oncept and that allow the analyst the broadest insight into the concept (Walker amp; Avant, 2005). The cluster of attributes gathered may have a variety of different meanings, thus â€Å"a decision is clearly necessary regarding which will be the most useful and which will provide you the greatest help in relation to the aims of your analysis† (Walker amp; Avant, 2005, pg. 68). Christensen identifies internalized feelings and portrayal of those feelings within clinical practice as distinctive attributes related to the concept of homophobia in nursing. Furthermore, Christensen states the defining attributes that may characterize the concept of homophobia within nursing to be â€Å"there must be an internalized awareness of anti-homosexual feelings towards homosexual individuals, and that here must be manifestations of those anti-homosexual feelings by the corresponding behavior patterns, which occur when providing care to gay individuals† (Christensen, 2005, pg. 65). Model Cases A model case is the identification of a case that clearly demonstrates the defining attributes. â€Å"That is, the model case should be a pure case of the concept, a paradigmatic example, or a pure exemplar. Basically, the model case is one that we are absolutely sure is an instance of the concept† (Walker amp; Avant, 2005, pg. 69). Model cases can be constructed from the analyst, found in literature, or in the best-case scenario, actual examples from real life (Walker amp; Avant, 2005). Christensen describes a model case that clearly identifies the defining attributes, which allows the concept to be tested. The subject, Nurse Mary, in the case model is described as â€Å"exhibiting the internalized feelings of homophobia and expressed these in her behaviors toward Jackie, the patient, and Karen, the patient’s significant other. The feelings and behaviors expressed in this case are fear, anger, disapproval, contempt, avoidance, and disgust† (Christensen, 2005, pg. 67). Identifying additional and different cases is suggested by Walker amp; Avant (2005). â€Å"Examining cases that are not exactly the same as the concept of interest but are similar to it or contrary to it in some ways will help you make better judgments about which defining attributes or characteristics have the best fit† (Walker amp; Avant, 2005, pg. 70). Additionally, cases include those that are borderline, elated, contrary, invented, or illegitimate. â€Å"The basic purpose for these cases is to help you decide what â€Å"counts† as a defining attribute for the concept of interest and what doesn’t count† (Walker amp; Avant, 2005, pg. 70). The Christensen concept analysis effectively utilizes a borderline case that only contains some of the defining attributes held within the definition of the concept. In th e borderline case, â€Å"the person described still experiences the internalized feelings of disgust and fear towards homophobia. However, in this case, he does not allow these feelings to cloud his clinical judgment in providing care to this patient, which is evident in the thank you letter† (Christensen, 2005, pg. 68). Additionally, Christensen utilizes a contrary case, which demonstrates none of the defining attributes outlined in the wording of the definition. â€Å"The individual described shows no internalized fears or behaviors and consequently has established an excellent rapport with her brother’s partner† (Christensen, 2005, pg. 68). Implications for Measurement The final step in the concept analysis is determining the empirical referents of the defining attributes. â€Å"Empirical referents are classes or categories of actual phenomena that by their existence or presence demonstrate the occurrence of the concept itself† (Walker amp; Avant, pg. 73). How does one measure homophobia? Christensen clearly shows the â€Å"observable phenomena and highlights the presence of homophobia in some individuals as: â€Å"Avoidance of homosexual patients, reluctance to provide care to homosexual patients, and speaking negatively about homosexuals and homosexuality† (Christensen, 2005, pg. 9). Application to Nursing Theorist-Madeleine Leininger Leininger is the founder of the transcultural nursing movement in education research and practice. In 1995, Leininger defined transcultural nursing as â€Å"a substantive area of study and practice focused on comparative cultural care (caring) values, beliefs, and practices of individuals or groups o f similar or different cultures with the goal of providing culture-specific and universal nursing care practices in promoting health or well-being or to help people to face unfavorable human conditions, illness, or death in culturally meaningful ways â€Å"(p. 8). The practice of transcultural nursing addresses the cultural dynamics that influence the nurse–client relationship. Because of its focus on this specific aspect of nursing, a theory was needed to study and explain outcomes of this type of care. Leininger creatively developed the Theory of Culture Care: Diversity and Universality with the goal to provide culturally congruent wholistic care. Her theory is appropriate in homophobia because healthcare professionals need to be able to treat each client as an individual without bias or judgment. Application to Nursing Practice Henrici (2007) in her paper on homophobia in healthcare states: â€Å"According to the American Nurses’ Association (ANA) (2001), nurses have a history of working with vulnerable populations and fighting for social justice. Providing substandard care to lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations is negating that history. High standards of ethics are expected so that all populations and clients receive the same level of care. If nurses counteract the rights of the patient by letting their attitudes toward homosexuality influence the type of care the patient receives, then the negative influence leads to an ethical issue. The first Provision of the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses (2001) indicated that foremost, the patient should be treated with respect and dignity for human life. The nurse must show compassion and deliver health care in a non-judgmental manner, regardless of individual lifestyle and religious beliefs. Caring for a patient as a person with unique needs and differences should be upheld in every patient-nurse relationship. Refusing to treat a patient on behalf of difference in religious thought or lifestyle, and incorporating prejudice statements is unacceptable ethical behavior in the eyes of the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses Provision three of the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses (2001) takes into account patient confidentiality, maintaining patient’s rights, and advocating for the patient. Information shared between the nurse and the patient that need not be reported by law, should be kept confidential and not shared with individuals that are outside of the patient’s care. This is necessary to build a trust in the nurse/patient relationship. As an advocate, the nurse fights to defend the patient’s rights. Impaired practice and unethical care need to be addressed in order for the patient to receive the best care. When confidential information is spread to others, and if the nurse is part of the unethical care of the patient, then trust is diminished and advocacy becomes non-existent. According to the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses, these acts are considered unethical to the nature of nursing. Provision seven of the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses (2001) addresses the idea that nursing, as a profession, needs to refine and advance the scope of nursing through continuing education. In order to advance in the field of nursing, nurses need to didactically embrace new knowledge, evaluate the knowledge, publicize the information, and put the new knowledge into clinical practice. Without furthering education, the field of nursing becomes stagnant in the ethical treatment of patients. Society is dynamic; therefore, nursing must change in order to progress with the social changes of the patients. If further education is impeded, it is considered unethical practice, according to the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses† (pg. 59-61). Application to Research â€Å"Concept analysis clarifies the symbols (words and terms) used in communication. The main advantage of concept analysis is that it renders very precise theoretical as well as operational definitions for use in theory and research† (Walker amp; Avant, pg. 74). Walker and Avant developed an 8-step concept analysis procedure that allows for analysts to easily understand and master the process without overlooking any of the critical components of concept analysis. The steps are not necessarily sequential. However, Christensen’s concept analysis of homophobia in nursing systematically uses all of Walker and Avant’s steps, as detailed in the body of this paper. Christensen’s concept analysis of homophobia in nursing is thoroughly discussed. Yet, greater research could have been conducted into identifying additional cases, as only borderline and contrary cases were considered. Tackling and debating related, invented, and/or illegitimate cases could have further supported the concept analysis. Ultimately, Christensen effectively convinces readers that homophobia in nursing may hinder the patient’s right to receive adequate, professional, and compassionate care (Christensen, 2005). Conclusion Christensen (2005) stated, â€Å"homophobia in nursing may undoubtedly be an extreme violation of the individual’s right to receive adequate, professional, and compassionate care† (p. 70). Henrici (2007) sums it up best by saying â€Å"Even though at times we as nurses may not agree with patients’ lifestyles, religious beliefs, or cultural upbringings, every patient deserves the most competent and compassionate care we can provide. By avoiding the patient, limiting therapeutic touch and communication, speaking unkindly of the patient’s sexuality with others, and not furthering education and understanding of cultural diversity the nurse has breached provisions one, three and seven of the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses (2001). There is a lack of research in the U. S. on the topic of homophobia in health care. More education on the topic of non-judgmental care relating to lesbian, gay and bisexual patients is necessary. Nurses should be held responsible for actions that are not in compliance with the ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses (2001) particularly where patient care is sacrificed due to disagreement of lifestyle and sexual preferences. Homophobia is real. Judgmental comments occur and do affect quality of care. Realizing that the health care needs of to lesbian, gay and bisexual patients are unique must be addressed through education and cultural diversity training† (pg. 61) . References American Nurses Association. (2001). Code of Ethics for Nurses with Interpretative Statements. Retrieved November 14, 2010, from nursingworld. org/ethics/code/protected_nwcoe303. htm. Baker, J (1991) Homophobia in Health Education: Implications for Practice. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Alliance for Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (San Francisco, CA, April 2-6, 1991). Retrieved November 16, 2010 from http://searcheric. org/ericdb/ed332964. htm. Barry, A. (1998) Theorizing Homophobia. Sexualities, Vol. 1, No. 4, 387-404. Retrieved November 7, 2010 from EBSCOhost. Black, B. Oles, T; amp; Moore, L (1998) The Relationship Between Attitudes: Homophobia and Sexism Among Social Work Students. Affilia, Vol. 13, No. 2, 166-189. Retrieved November 12, 2010 from EBSCOhost. Christensen, M. , (2005). Homophobia in Nursing: A Concept Analysis. Nursing Forum. 40 (2) Retrieved October 30, 2010, from: EBSCOhost. Henrici, R (2007) Homophobia: Does it Affect Quality of Care. Journal of Undergraduate Nursing Writing. Vol 1 (1). 56-62. Retrieved November 17, 2010 from EBSCOhost. Leininger, M. (1995) Transcultural Nursing: Concepts, Theories, Research and Practices. McGraw-Hill. 1995. Merriam-Webster’s Medical Dictionary. (n. d. ) Retrieved November 16, 2010, from http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/homophobia. Neville, S. , amp; Henrickson, M. (2006). Perceptions of lesbian, gay and bisexual people of primary healthcare services. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 55, 407-415. Retrieved November 3, 2010 from EBSCOhost. Richmond, J. , amp; McKenna, H. (1998). Homophobia: An evolutionary analysis of the concept as applied to nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 28, 362-368. Retrieved November 1, 2010 from EBSCOhost. Rondahl, G. , Innala, S. amp; Carlsson, M. (2004). Nurse’s attitudes towards lesbians and gay men. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 47, 386-392. Retrieved November 12, 2010 from EBSCOhost. Tate, F. , amp; Longo, D. (2004). Homophobia: A challenge for psychosocial nursing. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing amp; Mental Health Services, 42, 26-33. Retrieved November 16, 2010 from EBSCOhost. Walker, L. O. , amp; Avant, K. C. , (20 05). The Strategies for Theory Construction in (4th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. 10. Potential Application to Research

My Library Card to the Rest of the World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

My Library Card to the Rest of the World - Essay Example It always seemed laborious and too time-consuming. Books were there only to decorate empty shelves and take up room in our lockers. This changed when on an ordinary Friday my fourth-grade teacher booked a trip to our local library. There I touched upon the tip of the world of books and learned the words above that have been embedded in my memory for this long. It was just like any other Friday, on a beautiful spring day. After lunch, the entire class was to gather all of their belongings and walk down to the local library with our teacher leading the way. Of course being kids and out in the open we joked and wrestled each other most of the way trying fruitlessly to stay clear of the teacher’s stern gaze. After a short 20 minute walk, we walked into the library, a small, brown and brick, single level building tucked away on a street corner surrounded by lots of trees. We were greeted by a gentle looking, elderly librarian. She ushered us all inside and led us to a quiet corner where we had to be seated on low, colorful benches and chairs designed for younger kids. Although we had to go down to our school library many times, it was the first time that I was actually sitting inside this one. It was serenely quiet with only a few other people scattered about here and there browsing through the shelves. Beautiful tall, green plants graced practically every corner, giving the library a more earthy and natural feel. The building itself was quite unimpressive but there was just something about that library that really struck me and pulled me inside. To this day I can’t pinpoint the exact thing. I guess it was a combination of many subtleties; the soft hum of the photocopy machine, the swish of the plants as stragglers brushed against them, the smell of old and new books mingled together on the tall, wooden shelves, and the yielding softness of the carpet beneath my dirty sneakers. The place held me down and rendered my brain quiet and peaceful. The librar ian after having seated our class, stood tall and graceful next to our teacher who was sitting awkwardly in the front on a small stool in hopes of keeping an eye on all of us. She proceeded to explain the basics of library conduct and the process of applying for a library card. We were all given small forms and instructed on how to fill them out properly. Pencils scratched the rough, wooden tables as we excitedly filled in our names and perfectly memorized phone numbers and addresses. It was the first time for all of us to be receiving our library cards. I felt strangely grown up being in possession of a small, laminated card with my name scribbled across its front. I pocketed it right away afraid to get any pencil marks on it already. The librarian along with our teacher started giving us a tour of the library. It was small but cozy with the check out desk dividing it right down the middle, separating the adult and the young kids' section. We were mostly led around our own section, with the librarian pointing every so often at a set of encyclopedia volumes, the new arrivals, or the newspaper collection.  Ã‚